You can also take screener subscription and search through their database.
The above I found from a news article but many companies on screener are into semiconductor
You can also take screener subscription and search through their database.
The above I found from a news article but many companies on screener are into semiconductor
CG Power is one of them however there is a 4 year gestation period when they build facilities.
As on 12/06/2024, Danlaw Technologies has a market capitalization of 917 crore- which looks very attractive when we go through its financials.
This stock has very little volume.
Will request members to please comment on this stock and its future growth prospects.
Thank you.
There were announcements in March about the stake sale by Conagra. Is there any further development on this front? Has the ownership already changed hands? Does that result in an open offer?
They claim to be family of ratnamani steel & tubes
Genentech, Sally Smith Hughes, 2013 - The book follows the birth of Genentech and consequently the birth of Biotech itself and follows its people, the tech, regulations and economics of recombinant DNA tech and how it transformed the landscape of medicine which was until then dominated by small molecules. Wanting to understand GLP-1s in depth while investing in Shaily got me into this book, among others
My notes -
Genentech was founded by Herbert Boyer (professor of microbiology) and Robert Swanson (Unemployed VC). Its name a play on Genetic Engineering Technology and its goal to apply recombinant DNA tech to make insulin, growth hormone and other drugs
Balancing freewheeling academic culture (profs and research guys from universities), federal guidelines from recombinant DNA tech (there was lot of fear of Frankenstein, like we are fearing AI now) and need to make profit - balancing science, tech, legal, political, economical was Swanson’s job
Within 3 yrs of its founding in successive years, Genentech cloned and expressed Insulin, the growth hormone and human interferon and got listed and raised $38m within 4 yrs of founding in 1980 - listing pop from $35 to $89 (largest listing gain for its time) - ushered in Biotech industry as we know it today there on
Recombinant DNA tech - discovered in ‘73 and modern biotech was born. It entails joining of different pieces of DNA and cloning it in a bacteria and expressing the DNA as a protein or RNA with the bacteria acting as a factory (This is what peptide manufacturing through fermentation is. Today’s GLP-1 drugs are made this way)
Restriction enzymes (naturally occurring) - these cut DNA at specific sequences and were a crucial piece in recombinant DNA tech (Boyer’s fascination with this led to the tech)
Plasmids (circular double-stranded DNA fragments) in bacteria carried the antibiotic resistance genes and helped pass these genes horizontally to other bacteria. This is how antibiotic resistance spreads in bacterial population. The same is used to transfer the recombinant DNA transferred to the plasmids to spread it to the population
EcoRI (restriction enzyme) cuts DNA in a staggered fashion that makes its ends cohesive (like two zippers cut staggered aligned together can have a runner run through them). This was a crucial piece of recombinant DNA tech
The very first experiment involved cloning recombinant plasmids containing frog DNA in E.coli - it didn’t matter to the bacteria that the DNA came from an animals several levels higher in the evolutionary tree
Once the recombinant DNA tech was published in Science, a moratorium was imposed on the tech until a conference was convened to consider the risks and develop guidelines (not unlike the call for regulating AI - but this time no such has happened)
In the 1970s the popular approach to recombinant DNA tech was “wait and watch”. Practical applications being 5-10 yrs away, there was no rush to get started
Swanson and Boyer were both naive and with their naivete and inability to foresee all problems in advance, they boosted each other over the bar
Insulin in the 70s was extracted from pigs and cows and was an essential staple of medical practice. People had allergic reactions to it. Since insulin’s amino acids were well known (only 50 of them, so it was small as well) and there was good demand ($100m in sales then), it was ideal candidate for first target of recombinant DNA tech
Genentech’s business model was to license the engineered bacteria (after sequencing, splicing, cloning) to established pharma firms for manufacturing, trials, filing and marketing
Kleiner and Perkins, a VC firm known to Swanson agreed to invest $100k in the venture (it would be the first of billions that would be needed to be raised later)
Chemical DNA synthesis - laboratory construction of artificial genes and DNA fragments from chemicals off the shelf (can be then used for some or all fragments in recombinant DNA tech). It behaved just like natural DNA and was biologically functional (somatostatin with 14 amino acids was the first one to be synthesised this way)
Companies like Eli Lilly tied up with various academic institutions for the tech for recombinant insulin (something that gave them strong headstart that they maintain to this date). Lilly also tied up with Genentech for human insulin - supporting the effort at $50k/month
Insulin’s 51 amino acids were present in 2 chains, called A and B chains which meant the scientists had to synthesise two separate DNA sequences. The DNA for insulin was completely synthesised in the lab within 6 months. This gave Genentech a huge advantage since they did not have to comply with expensive regulations governing human genetic material (highest level of biological containment)
Lilly signed a licensing agreement with Genentech for $500k for worldwide marketing of human insulin alongside 6% royalty for using the tech in human insulin alone (Lilly violated this to make growth hormone and paid $150m fine to Genentech later)
Molecular biology, nucleic acid chemistry, protein chemistry were Genentech’s divisions, each quite diverse in talent
Cetus, Genentech, Biogen, Genex and Bethesda Research labs were all founded in the 70s and attracted lot of capital from VCs and other corporates (like Lubrizol, Monsanto) though none had yet made a penny of profit. Post Genentech’s listing, Amgen, Chiron, Calgene, Molecular Genetics, Integrated Genetics were created in the early 80s
Human growth hormone was extracted from pituitary glands of dead bodies so was very scarce and expensive (Kabi was leading supplier). Kabi signed up with Genentech like Lilly. For a price of $1m Genentech was to engineer bacteria to produce human growth hormone (HGH)
HGH is larger than insulin at 191 amino acids. Chemical synthesis of DNA for these would take inordinate amount of time. The approach was to partly synthesise (24 amino acids) and partly use human DNA and splice them together to form a hybrid gene
The bacteria was producing 200,000 molecules of HGH per bacterium with Genentech’s hybrid gene. The HGH was biologically active and identical to the natural hormone.
Protein chemists, process engineers and fermentation experts help with purifying the peptides synthesised by the bacteria before it is usable in clinical trials
NIH had a 10 litre limit for batch size for fermentation of peptides. To overcome this and to meet demand, Genentech worked with Kabi on continuous cycles with max of 10L
Humulin, the Genentech-Lilly recombinant insulin was the first recombinant pharmaceutical to be approved by FDA, followed by Genentech-Kabi Protropin (HGH). Within 2 decades Protropin reached $2b in sales (Genentech became profitable barely 3 yrs into operation)
Genentech partnered with Hoffman-La Roche for Interferon, Monsanto for Animal growth hormone, Merieuz for Hep-B vaccine and self-funded thymosin after their success with insulin and HGH
Biomania - investment in industrial biology totalled $150m in 1979. Deregulation helped ease of doing business in biotech field as there was no adverse impact on human health or natural environment. The scope for Interferon in cancer treatment helped Genentech’s IPO valuations
Interferon types - fibroblast, leukocyte and immune interferon - none of the structures of amino acids were known. Roche had several cell lines which would provide the invaluable m-RNA to Genentech. First two were cloned within 2 weeks and Genentech could produce them 600L facilities (Deregulation helped inc. capacity). They could produce as much in a week as was produced in a year prior (Interferon products had $2b in sales in 2005)
Diamond v Chakrabarty case - whether living organisms were patentable or not. Chakrabarty, working for GE had constructed a bacteria that could degrade crude oil. Once he won the case, Genentech’s case became stronger because its the engineered bacteria that’s patentable product. (court ruled in favour since it was not natural bacteria but something created by Chakrabarty) - a significant role in biotech
Today Hoffmann-La Roche owns Genentech (60% in 1990 and 40% in 2009 for $47b)
This is a great book for understanding peptides and recombinant DNA tech irrespective of your aptitude since it makes it very easy to understand. You will also get a reasonable idea into businesses that work on Monoclonal antibodies as well since those are large proteins composed of amino acids too but specifically for antibodies but the tech is very similar. So understanding businesses like Biocon or other companies that work on biosimilars becomes a lot easier when you understand the basics of the industry from a book like this. 10/10
Hope you got the reply with factual evidence . Of Promoter offloading stake consistently.
You asked to care for cheking , but how have you overlooked that, incase u checked and were in false assumption sir?
Part of the problem is with the spread charged by these platforms. Specifically for Vikram Solar the price was 195/- but was available on platforms for 230/- around March time. A very close friend who works in the group mentioned at the time that some people are selling unlisted shares at 195/-. He also advised to stay away for what ever reasons.
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